Sample Program

The following example is a complete awk program, which prints the number of occurrences of each word in its input. It illustrates the associative nature of awk arrays by using strings as subscripts. It also demonstrates the for x in array construction. Finally, it shows how awk can be used in conjunction with other utility programs to do a useful task of some complexity with a minimum of effort. Some explanations follow the program listing.

	awk '
	# Print list of word frequencies
	{
	    for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++)
        freq[$i]++
	}

	END {
	    for (word in freq)
	        printf "%s\t%d\n", word, freq[word]
	}'

The first thing to notice about this program is that it has two rules. The first rule, because it has an empty pattern, is executed on every line of the input. It uses awk's field-accessing mechanism (see section Examining Fields) to pick out the individual words from the line, and the built-in variable NF (see section Built-in Variables) to know how many fields are available.

For each input word, an element of the array freq is incremented to reflect that the word has been seen an additional time.

The second rule, because it has the pattern END, is not executed until the input has been exhausted. It prints out the contents of the freq table that has been built up inside the first action.

Note that this program has several problems that would prevent it from being useful by itself on real text files:

• Words are detected using the awk convention that fields are separated by whitespace and that other characters in the input (except newlines) don't have any special meaning to awk. This means that punctuation characters count as part of words.

• The awk language considers upper and lower case characters to be distinct. Therefore, foo and Foo are not treated by this program as the same word. This is undesirable since in normal text, words are capitalized if they begin sentences, and a frequency analyzer should not be sensitive to that.

• The output does not come out in any useful order. You're more likely to be interested in which words occur most frequently, or having an alphabetized table of how frequently each word occurs.

The way to solve these problems is to use some of the more advanced features of the awk language. First, we use tolower to remove case distinctions. Next, we use gsub to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we use the system sort utility to process the output of the awk script. First, here is the new version of the program:

	awk '
	# Print list of word frequencies
	{
	    $0 = tolower($0)    # remove case distinctions
	    gsub(/[^a-z0-9_ \t]/, "", $0)  # remove punctuation
	    for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++)
	        freq[$i]++
	}

	END {
	    for (word in freq)
	        printf "%s\t%d\n", word, freq[word]
	}'

Assuming we have saved this program in a file named frequency.awk, and that the data is in file1, the following pipeline

	awk -f frequency.awk file1 | sort +1 -nr

produces a table of the words appearing in file1 in order of decreasing frequency.

The awk program suitably massages the data and produces a word frequency table, which is not ordered.

The awk script's output is then sorted by the sort command and printed on the terminal. The options given to sort in this example specify to sort using the second field of each input line (skipping one field), that the sort keys should be treated as numeric quantities (otherwise 15 would come before 5), and that the sorting should be done in descending (reverse) order.

We could have even done the sort from within the program, by changing the END action to:

	END {
	    sort = "sort +1 -nr"
	    for (word in freq)
	        printf "%s\t%d\n", word, freq[word] | sort
	    close(sort)
	}'

See the general operating system documentation for more information on how to use the sort command.