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Go to the previous, next chapter. Commands for Human LanguagesThe term text has two widespread meanings in our area of the computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. Any file that you edit with Emacs is text, in this sense of the word. The other meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human language for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text formatter), as opposed to a program or commands for a program. Human languages have syntactic/stylistic conventions that can be supported or used to advantage by editor commands: conventions involving words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter describes Emacs commands for all of these things. There are also commands for filling, which means rearranging the lines of a paragraph to be approximately equal in length. The commands for moving over and killing words, sentences and paragraphs, while intended primarily for editing text, are also often useful for editing programs. Emacs has several major modes for editing human language text. If the file contains text pure and simple, use Text mode, which customizes Emacs in small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. Outline mode provides special commands for operating on text with an outline structure. For text which contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs has other major modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for input to TeX, you would use TeX mode. For input to nroff, use Nroff mode. Instead of using a text formatter, you can edit formatted text in WYSIWYG style (``what you see is what you get''), with Enriched mode. Then the formatting appears on the screen in Emacs while you edit.
WordsEmacs has commands for moving over or operating on words. By convention, the keys for them are all Meta characters.
Notice how these keys form a series that parallels the character-based C-f, C-b, C-d, C-t and DEL. M-@ is cognate to C-@, which is an alias for C-SPC. The commands M-f ( M-d ( M-DEL ( M-t ( To operate on the next n words with an operation which applies between point and mark, you
can either set the mark at point and then move over the words, or you can use the command M-@ ( The word commands' understanding of syntax is completely controlled by the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be declared to be a word delimiter. See section The Syntax Table. SentencesThe Emacs commands for manipulating sentences and paragraphs are mostly on Meta keys, so as to be like the word-handling commands.
The commands M-a and M-e ( Moving backward over a sentence places point just before the first character of the sentence; moving forward places point right after the punctuation that ends the sentence. Neither one moves over the whitespace at the sentence boundary. Just as C-a and C-e have a kill command,
C-k, to go with them, so M-a and M-e have a corresponding
kill command M-k ( The sentence commands assume that you follow the American typist's convention of putting two spaces at the end of a sentence; they consider a sentence to end wherever there is a ., ? or ! followed by the end of a line or two spaces, with any number of ), ], ', or " characters allowed in between. A sentence also begins or ends wherever a paragraph begins or ends. The variable "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" This example is explained in the section on regexps. See section Syntax of Regular Expressions. If you want to use just one space between sentences,
you should set "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" You should also set the variable ParagraphsThe Emacs commands for manipulating paragraphs are also Meta keys.
M-{ moves to the beginning of the current or previous paragraph, while M-} moves to the end of the current or next paragraph. Blank lines and text formatter command lines separate paragraphs and are not considered part of any paragraph. Also, an indented line starts a new paragraph. In major modes for programs (as opposed to Text mode), paragraphs begin and end only at blank lines. This makes the paragraph commands continue to be useful even though there are no paragraphs per se. When there is a fill prefix, then paragraphs are delimited by all lines which don't start with the fill prefix. See section Filling Text. When you wish to operate on a paragraph, you can
use the command M-h ( The precise definition of a paragraph boundary is
controlled by the variables Normally it is desirable for page boundaries to separate paragraphs. The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for pages. PagesFiles are often thought of as divided into pages by the formfeed character (ASCII control-L, octal code 014). When you print hardcopy for a file, this character forces a page break; thus, each page of the file goes on a separate page on paper. Most Emacs commands treat the page-separator character just like any other character: you can insert it with C-q C-l, and delete it with DEL. Thus, you are free to paginate your file or not. However, since pages are often meaningful divisions of the file, Emacs provides commands to move over them and operate on them.
The C-x [ ( The C-x C-p command ( A numeric argument to C-x C-p is used to specify which page to go to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One means the next page, and -1 means the previous one. The C-x l command ( Page has 96 (72+25) lines Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at the beginning of a line. The variable Filling TextFilling text means breaking it up into lines that fit a specified width. Emacs does filling in two ways. In Auto Fill mode, inserting text with self-inserting characters also automatically fills it. There are also explicit fill commands that you can use when editing text leaves it unfilled. When you edit formatted text, you can specify a style of filling for each portion of the text (see section Editing Formatted Text).
Auto Fill ModeAuto Fill mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when you type a SPC or RET.
M-x auto-fill-mode turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off if it was on. With a positive numeric argument it always turns Auto Fill mode on, and with a negative argument always turns it off. You can see when Auto Fill mode is in effect by the presence of the word Fill in the mode line, inside the parentheses. Auto Fill mode is a minor mode which is enabled or disabled for each buffer individually. See section Minor Modes. In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when they get longer than the desired width. Line breaking and rearrangement takes place only when you type SPC or RET. If you wish to insert a space or newline without permitting line-breaking, type C-q SPC or C-q LFD (recall that a newline is really a linefeed). Also, C-o inserts a newline without line breaking. Auto Fill mode works well with Lisp mode, because when it makes a new line in Lisp mode
it indents that line with TAB. If a line ending in a comment gets too long, the text
of the comment is split into two comment lines. Optionally new comment delimiters are inserted at the end of the first
line and the beginning of the second so that each line is a separate comment; the variable Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs; it can break lines but cannot merge lines. So editing in the middle of a paragraph can result in a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to make the paragraph properly filled again is usually with the explicit fill commands. See section Explicit Fill Commands. Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. The section on init files says how to arrange this permanently for yourself. See section The Init File, ~/.emacs. Explicit Fill Commands
To refill a paragraph, use the command M-q ( To refill many paragraphs, use M-x fill-region, which divides the region into paragraphs and fills each of them. M-q and A numeric argument to M-q causes it to justify the text as well as filling
it. This means that extra spaces are inserted to make the right margin line up exactly at
the fill column. To remove the extra spaces, use M-q with no argument.
(Likewise for When The command M-s ( The maximum line width for filling is in the variable Emacs commands normally consider a period followed by two spaces or by a newline as the end of a sentence; a period followed by just one space indicates an abbreviation and not the end of a sentence. To preserve the distinction between these two ways of using a period, the fill commands do not break a line after a period followed by just one space. If the variable The Fill PrefixTo fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker (which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), use the fill prefix feature. The fill prefix is a string which Emacs expects every line to start with, and which is not included in filling.
To specify a fill prefix, move to a line that starts with the desired prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, and give the command C-x . ( When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill prefix from each line before filling and insert it on each line after filling. Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix automatically when it makes a new line. The C-o command inserts the fill prefix on new lines it creates, when you use it at the beginning of a line (see section Blank Lines). Conversely, the command M-^ deletes the prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it deletes (see section Indentation). For example, if ;; This is an ;; example of a paragraph ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. produces this: ;; This is an example of a paragraph ;; inside a Lisp-style comment. Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are considered to start paragraphs, both in M-q and the paragraph commands; this is gives good results for paragraphs with hanging indentation (every line indented except the first one). Lines which are blank or indented once the prefix is removed also separate or start paragraphs; this is what you want if you are writing multi-paragraph comments with a comment delimiter on each line. You can use M-x fill-individual-paragraphs to set the fill prefix for each paragraph automatically. This command divides the region into paragraphs, treating every change in the amount of indentation as the start of a new paragraph, and fills each of these paragraphs. Thus, all the lines in one ``paragraph'' have the same amount of indentation. That indentation serves as the fill prefix for that paragraph. M-x fill-nonuniform-paragraphs is a similar command
that divides the region into paragraphs in a different
way. It considers only paragraph-separating lines (as
defined by The fill prefix is stored in the variable The Case Conversion CommandsEmacs has commands for converting either a single word or any arbitrary range of text to upper case or to lower case.
The word conversion commands are the most useful. M-l ( When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands apply to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move point. This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong case: you can give the case conversion command and continue typing. If a word case conversion command is given in the
middle of a word, it applies only to the part of the word which follows point. This is just like what M-d ( The other case conversion commands are C-x C-u ( The region case conversion commands Text ModeWhen you edit files of text in a human language,
it's more convenient to use Text mode rather than
Fundamental mode. Invoke M-x text-mode to
enter Text mode. In Text
mode, TAB runs the function A similar variant mode is Indented Text mode,
intended for editing text in which most lines are
indented. This mode defines TAB to run Text mode, and all the modes based on it, define M-TAB
as the command Entering Text mode or Indented Text mode runs the hook
Outline ModeOutline mode is a major mode much like Text mode but intended for editing outlines. It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily invisible so that you can see the outline structure. Type M-x outline-mode to switch to Outline mode as the major mode of the current buffer. When Outline mode makes a line invisible, the line does not appear on the screen. The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line were deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears at the end of the previous visible line (only one ellipsis no matter how many invisible lines follow). All editing commands treat the text of the invisible line as part of the previous visible line. For example, C-n moves onto the next visible line. Killing an entire visible line, including its terminating newline, really kills all the following invisible lines along with it; yanking it all back yanks the invisible lines and they remain invisible. Outline minor mode provides the same commands as the major mode, Outline mode, but you can use it in conjunction with other major modes. Type M-x outline-minor-mode to enable the Outline minor mode in the current buffer. You can also specify this in the text of a file, with a file local variable of the form mode: outline-minor (see section Local Variables in Files). The major mode, Outline mode, provides special key bindings on the C-c
prefix. Outline minor mode provides similar bindings with C-c @ as the prefix;
this is to reduce the conflicts with the major mode's special commands. (The variable Entering Outline mode runs the hook
Format of OutlinesOutline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types: heading lines and body lines. A heading line represents a topic in the outline. Heading lines start with one or more stars; the number of stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline structure. Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the heading lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading are its subtopics; and so on. Any line that is not a heading line is a body line. Body lines belong with the preceding heading line. Here is an example: * Food This is the body, which says something about the topic of food. ** Delicious Food This is the body of the second-level header. ** Distasteful Food This could have a body too, with several lines. *** Dormitory Food * Shelter Another first-level topic with its header line. A heading line together with all following body lines is called collectively an entry. A heading line together with all following deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a subtree. You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines by setting the variable It is possible to change the rule for calculating the level of a heading line by
setting the variable Outline mode makes a line invisible by changing the newline before it into an ASCII control-M (code 015). Most editing commands that work on lines treat an invisible line as part of the previous line because, strictly speaking, it is part of that line, since there is no longer a newline in between. When you save the file in Outline mode, control-M characters are saved as newlines, so the invisible lines become ordinary lines in the file. But saving does not change the visibility status of a line inside Emacs. Outline Motion CommandsOutline mode provides special motion commands that move backward and forward to heading lines.
C-c C-n ( More powerful motion commands understand the level structure of headings. C-c C-f
( Outline Visibility CommandsThe other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines visible or invisible.
Their names all start with
Two commands that are exact opposites are C-c C-c ( Two more powerful opposites are C-c C-d ( Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having all the
subheadings visible but none of the body. There are two commands for doing this, depending
on whether you want to hide the bodies or make the subheadings visible. They are C-c
C-l ( A little weaker than Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file. C-c C-t ( The command C-c C-q ( The command C-c C-o ( You can turn off the use of ellipses at the ends of visible lines by setting Viewing One Outline in Multiple ViewsYou can display two views of a single outline at the same time, in different windows,
by means of an alternative implementation of Outline mode called To do this, first load the library Then, to display a second view of an outline buffer, you must create an indirect buffer using M-x make-indirect-buffer. The first argument of this command is the existing outline buffer name, and its second argument is the name to use for the new indirect buffer. See section Indirect Buffers. Once the indirect buffer exists, you can display it in a window in the normal fashion, with C-x 4 b or other Emacs commands. The Outline mode commands to show and hide parts of the text operate on each buffer independently; as a result, each buffer can have its own view. If you want more than two views on the same outline, create additional indirect buffers. In a future Emacs version, the alternative TeX ModeTeX is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; it is also free, like GNU Emacs. LaTeX is a simplified input format for TeX, implemented by TeX macros; it comes with TeX. SliTeX is a special form of LaTeX. Emacs has a special TeX mode for editing TeX input files. It provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for invoking TeX on all or part of the file. TeX mode has three variants, Plain TeX mode, LaTeX mode, and SliTeX mode (these three
distinct major modes differ only slightly). They are designed for editing the three
different formats. The command M-x tex-mode
looks at the contents of the buffer to determine
whether the contents appear to be either LaTeX input or SliTeX input; if so, it selects
the appropriate mode. If the file contents do not appear to be LaTeX or SliTeX, it selects
Plain TeX mode. If the contents are insufficient to determine this, the variable When M-x tex-mode does not guess right, you can use the commands M-x plain-tex-mode, M-x latex-mode, and M-x slitex-mode to select explicitly the particular variants of TeX mode.
TeX Editing CommandsHere are the special commands provided in TeX mode for editing the text of the file.
In TeX, the character " is not
normally used; we use `` to start a quotation and '' to end one.
To make editing easier under this formatting convention, TeX mode overrides the normal
meaning of the key " with a command
that inserts a pair of single-quotes or backquotes ( If you need the character " itself in unusual contexts, use C-q to insert it. Also, " with a numeric argument always inserts that number of " characters. In TeX mode, $ has a special syntax code which attempts to understand the way TeX math mode delimiters match. When you insert a $ that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching $ that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the same feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that is inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a $ enters math mode or leaves it; so when you insert a $ that enters math mode, the previous $ position is shown as if it were a match, even though they are actually unrelated. TeX uses braces as delimiters that must match. Some users prefer to keep braces
balanced at all times, rather than inserting them singly. Use C-c { ( There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. LFD ( Note that Emacs commands count square brackets and parentheses in TeX mode, not just braces. This is not strictly correct for the purpose of checking TeX syntax. However, parentheses and square brackets are likely to be used in text as matching delimiters and it is useful for the various motion commands and automatic match display to work with them. LaTeX Editing CommandsLaTeX mode, and its variant, SliTeX mode, provide a few extra features not applicable to plain TeX.
In LaTeX input, \begin and \end commands are used to group
blocks of text. To insert a \begin and a
matching \end (on a new line following the \begin), use C-c
C-o (
(setq latex-block-names '("theorem" "corollary" "proof"))
In LaTeX input, \begin and \end commands must balance. You
can use C-c C-e ( TeX Printing CommandsYou can invoke TeX as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire contents of the buffer or just a region at a time. Running TeX in this way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes look like without taking the time to format the entire file.
You can pass the current buffer through an inferior
TeX by means of C-c C-b ( You can specify the directory to use for running TeX
by setting the variable If you want to specify which shell commands are used in the inferior TeX, you can do so
by setting the values of the variables Normally, the file name given to these commands comes at the end of the command string; for example, latex filename. In some cases, however, the file name needs to be embedded in the command; an example is when you need to provide the file name as an argument to one command whose output is piped to another. You can specify where to put the file name with * in the command string. For example, (setq tex-dvi-print-command "dvips -f * | lpr") The terminal output from TeX, including any error messages, appears in a buffer called *tex-shell*. If TeX gets an error, you can switch to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; see section Interactive Inferior Shell). Without switching to this buffer you can scroll it so that its last line is visible by typing C-c C-l. Type C-c C-k ( You can also pass an arbitrary region through an
inferior TeX by typing C-c C-r ( To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain TeX mode, you insert two special strings in the file. Insert %**start of header before the header, and %**end of header after it. Each string must appear entirely on one line, but there may be other text on the line before or after. The lines containing the two strings are included in the header. If %**start of header does not appear within the first 100 lines of the buffer, C-c C-r assumes that there is no header. In LaTeX mode, the header begins with \documentstyle and ends with \begin{document}. These are commands that LaTeX requires you to use in any case, so nothing special needs to be done to identify the header. The commands ( For LaTeX files, you can use BibTeX to process the auxiliary file for the current buffer's file. BibTeX looks up bibliographic citations in
a data base and prepares the cited references for the bibliography section. The command C-c TAB ( Entering any kind of TeX mode runs the hooks Unix TeX DistributionTeX for Unix systems can be obtained from the University of Washington for a distribution fee. To order a full distribution, specify whether you prefer 1/4 inch QIC-24 or 4mm DAT tape (9-track reel-to-reel is no longer available) and send $210.00 for a (tar or cpio) cartridge, payable to the University of Washington to: Pierre MacKay Department of Classics Denny Hall, Mail Stop DH-10 University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Purchase orders are acceptable, but there is an extra charge of $10.00, to pay for processing charges. For overseas orders please add $20.00 to the base cost for shipment via air parcel post, or $30.00 for shipment via courier. The normal distribution is a tar tape, blocked 20, 1600 bpi, on an industry standard 2400 foot half-inch reel. The physical format for the 1/4 inch streamer cartridges is QIC-24. System V tapes can be written in cpio format, blocked 5120 bytes, with ASCII headers. Nroff ModeNroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff commands present in the text. Invoke M-x nroff-mode to enter this mode. It differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff command lines are considered paragraph separators, so that filling will never garble the nroff commands. Pages are separated by .bp commands. Comments start with backslash-doublequote. Also, three special commands are provided that are not in Text mode:
The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric Nroff mode. This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with M-x electric-nroff-mode (see section Minor Modes). When the mode is on, each time you use RET to end a line that contains an nroff command that opens a kind of grouping, the matching nroff command to close that grouping is automatically inserted on the following line. For example, if you are at the beginning of a line and type . ( b RET, this inserts the matching command .)b on a new line following point. If you use Outline minor mode with Nroff mode (see section Outline Mode), heading lines are lines of the form .H followed by a number (the header level). Entering Nroff mode runs the hook Editing Formatted TextEnriched mode is a minor mode for editing files that contain formatted text in WYSIWYG fashion, as in a word processor. Currently, formatted text in Enriched mode can specify fonts, colors, underlining, margins, and types of filling and justification. In the future, we plan to implement other formatting features as well. Enriched mode is a minor mode (see section Minor Modes). Typically it is used in conjunction with Text mode (see section Text Mode). However, you can also use it with other major modes such as Outline mode and Indented Text mode. Potentially, Emacs can store formatted text files in various file formats. Currently, only one format is implemented: text/enriched format, which is defined by the MIME protocol. See section 'Format Conversion' in the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, for details of how Emacs recognizes and converts file formats. The Emacs distribution contains a formatted text file that can serve as an example. Its name is etc/enriched.doc. It contains samples illustrating all the features described in this section. It also contains a list of ideas for future enhancements.
Requesting to Edit Formatted TextWhenever you visit a file that Emacs saved in the text/enriched format, Emacs automatically converts the formatting information in the file into Emacs's own internal format (text properties), and turns on Enriched mode. To create a new file of formatted text, first visit the nonexistent file, then type M-x enriched-mode before you start inserting text. This command turns on Enriched mode. Do this before you begin inserting text, to ensure that the text you insert is handled properly. More generally, the command When you save a buffer while Enriched mode is enabled in it, Emacs automatically converts the text to text/enriched format while writing it into the file. When you visit the file again, Emacs will automatically recognize the format, reconvert the text, and turn on Enriched mode again. Normally, after reading a file in text/enriched
format, Emacs refills each paragraph to fit the width
of the window. You can turn off this refilling, to
save time, by setting the variable In any case, if the window width is the same as the width with which the file was saved, Emacs trusts that the file is already properly filled. You can add annotations for saving additional text properties, which Emacs normally does not save, by
adding to Hard and Soft NewlinesIn formatted text, Emacs distinguishes between two different kinds of newlines, hard newlines and soft newlines. Hard newlines are used to separate paragraphs, or items in a list, or anywhere that there should always be a line break
regardless of the margins. The RET command ( Soft newlines are used to make text fit between the margins. All the fill commands, including Auto Fill, insert soft newlines---and they delete only soft newlines. Although hard and soft newlines look the same, it is important to bear the difference in mind. Do not use RET to break lines in the middle of filled paragraphs, or else you will get hard newlines that are barriers to further filling. Instead, let Auto Fill mode break lines, so that if the text or the margins change, Emacs can refill the lines properly. See section Auto Fill Mode. On the other hand, in tables and lists, where the lines should always remain as you
type them, you can use RET to end lines. For these lines, you may also want to
set the justification style to Editing Format InformationThere are two ways to alter the formatting information for a formatted text file: with keyboard commands, and with the mouse. The easiest way to add properties to your document is by using the Text Properties menu. You can get to this menu in two ways: from the Edit menu in the menu bar, or with C-mouse-2 (hold the CTRL key and press the middle mouse button). Most of the items in the Text Properties menu lead to other submenus. These are described in the sections that follow. Some items run commands directly:
Faces in Formatted TextThe Faces submenu lists various Emacs faces including
If you use these commands with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark mode, if the region is not active---then these commands specify a face to use for your next self-inserting input. See section Transient Mark Mode. This applies to both the keyboard commands and the menu commands. Enriched mode defines two additional faces: The The The If your terminal cannot display different faces, you will not be able to see them, but you can still edit documents containing faces. You can even add faces and colors to documents. They will be visible when the file is viewed on a terminal that can display them. Colors in Formatted TextYou can specify foreground and background colors for portions of the text. There is a menu for specifying the foreground color and a menu for specifying the background color. Each color menu lists all the colors that you have used in Enriched mode in the current Emacs session. If you specify a color with a prefix argument---or, in Transient Mark mode, if the region is not active---then it applies to your next self-inserting input. See section Transient Mark Mode. Otherwise, the command applies to the region. Each color menu contains one additional item: Other. You can use this item to specify a color that is not listed in the menu; it reads the color name with the minibuffer. To display list of available colors and their names, use the Display Colors menu item in the Text Properties menu (see section Editing Format Information). Any color that you specify in this way, or that is mentioned in a formatted text file that you read in, is added to both color menus for the duration of the Emacs session. There are no key bindings for specifying colors, but you can do so with the extended commands M-x facemenu-set-foreground and M-x facemenu-set-background. Both of these commands read the name of the color with the minibuffer. Indentation in Formatted TextWhen editing formatted text, you can specify different amounts of indentation for the right or left margin of an entire paragraph or a part of a paragraph. The margins you specify automatically affect the Emacs fill commands (see section Filling Text) and line-breaking commands. The Indentation submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying these properties. The submenu contains four items:
You can use these commands repeatedly to increase or decrease the indentation. The most common way to use these commands is to change the indentation of an entire paragraph. However, that is not the only use. You can change the margins at any point; the new values take effect at the end of the line (for right margins) or the beginning of the next line (for left margins). This makes it possible to format paragraphs with hanging indents, which means that the first line is indented less than subsequent lines. To set up a hanging indent, increase the indentation of the region starting after the first word of the paragraph and running until the end of the paragraph. Indenting the first line of a paragraph is easier. Set the margin for the whole paragraph where you want it to be for the body of the paragraph, then indent the first line by inserting extra spaces or tabs. Sometimes, as a result of editing, the filling of a paragraph becomes messed up---parts of the paragraph may extend past the left or right margins. When
this happens, use M-q ( The variable Enriched mode automatically sets the variable Justification in Formatted TextWhen editing formatted text, you can specify various styles of justification for a paragraph. The style you specify automatically affects the Emacs fill commands. The Justification submenu provides a convenient interface for specifying the style. The submenu contains five items:
In Enriched mode, you can also specify justification from the keyboard using the M-j prefix character:
Justification styles apply to entire paragraphs. All the justification-changing commands operate on the paragraph containing point, or, if the region is active, on all paragraphs which overlap the region. The default justification style is specified by the variable Setting Other Text PropertiesThe Other Properties menu lets you add or remove three other useful text properties: Each of these special properties has a menu item to add it to the region. The last menu item, Remove Special, removes all of these special properties from the text in the region. Currently, the Forcing Enriched ModeNormally, Emacs knows when you are editing formatted text because it recognizes the special annotations used in the file that you visited. However, there are situations in which you must take special actions to convert file contents or turn on Enriched mode:
The command If you wish to look at a file in text/enriched format in its raw form, as a sequence of characters with no formatting, use M-x format-find-file RET filename RET RET. The empty second argument means, ``read without format conversion.''
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