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This manual minimally documents version 1.13 of the GNU text utilities.

Introduction: Caveats, overview, and authors.
Common options: Common options.
Output of entire files: cat tac nl od
Formatting file contents: fmt pr fold
Output of parts of files: head tail split csplit
Summarizing files: wc sum cksum md5sum
Operating on sorted files: sort uniq comm
Operating on fields within a line: cut paste join
Operating on characters: tr expand unexpand
Opening the software toolbox: The software tools philosophy.
Index: General index.

Introduction

This manual is incomplete: No attempt is made to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire GNU community will benefit.

The GNU text utilities are mostly compatible with the POSIX.2 standard.

Please report bugs to bug-gnu-. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. See section 'Bugs' in GNU CC.

This manual is based on the Unix man pages in the distribution, which were originally written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. The original fmt man page was written by Ross Paterson. Franc,ois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process.

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